The principle by which the primitive apex locator functioned used electrical resistance (direct current) to measure the canal length. Pacemakers manufactured before 1975 used discrete electronic components encapsulated in a clear epoxy case, this casing was not effective in shielding the cardiac pacemaker from electromagnetic interference. ![]() There have been dramatic improvements in pacemaker technology over the last few decades. Some devices such as ultrasonic scalers and cleaners, electrosurgical instruments, dental induction-casting machines, electric pulp testers, and microwave ovens have earlier been proved to cause interference with ICP function. Over the years studies have been done to determine the potential of various devices that can interfere with implanted cardiac pacemakers, such as cellular phones, iPods to instruments used in the dental office such as EALs, EPT, amalgamator, composite curing light, ultrasonic scalers, dental hand piece, electric toothbrush, electro surgery units, etc. ![]() Traditionally electronic apex locators (EALs) and electronic pulp testers (EPTs) are not recommended for use in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers (ICPs) due to possibility of electrical interference in patients with ICP. Thus, the average dental practice that provides care to adults, including elderly people, is expected to have patients who have a permanently implanted cardiac device. ![]() The American Association of Endodontics estimates that nearly 16 million root canal procedures are performed every year. In India an average of 20,000 patients get pacemaker implants every year. There are about 3 million people worldwide with cardiac pacemakers and each year about 600000 pacemakers are implanted.
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